DU SOL B.A PROG Q 5 5 Democracy is thriving when people are aware of their duties and rights and the ways to fulfill their responsibilities. Discuss the role of Education in the same.

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5 Democracy is thriving when people are aware of their duties and rights and the ways to fulfill their responsibilities. Discuss the role of Education in the same.

 

Shivaji was born in the hill-fort of Shivner near Poona in 1627. Soon Shahji, his father, moved to his new Jagir with his second wife leaving Shivaji and his mother Jija Bai under the guardianship of an able Brahmana, Dadaji Khondev. India at that time was under the Muslim rulers, the Mughals in the north and the Muslim Sultans of Bijapur and Golkunda in the south. All three ruled by right of conquest and made no pretence that they had any obligation towards the ruled. His mother, a maverick Hindu woman, groomed him right from birth to fight for the rights of the oppressed Hindus and overthrow the Muslim rulers. At the age of 12, Shivaji was assigned the Jagir of Poona by his father. By the time he was 16, he was committed that he was the divinely appointed instrument for the cause of Hindu freedom – a conviction that was to inspire him throughout his life.

 

Shivaji collected a small band of followers from among his playmates. He personally trained them in guerilla tactics and began to seize the weak Bijapur outposts around 1655. His daring and military skill, coupled with his sternness towards the oppressors of the Hindus, won him the adulation of all. His actions became increasingly bold and several minor expeditions sent to chastise him proved ineffective.

 

In 1659, when the Sultan of Bijapur sent an army of 20,000 under Afzal Khan (a great general of Bijapur) to subdue him, Shivaji lured him to a meeting, where in a deadly embrace, he killed the general with steel claws. Meanwhile, hand-picked troops that were already positioned swooped down on the unwary Bijapur army and routed it. Overnight, Shivaji had become a formidable warlord, possessing the horses, the guns and the ammunitions of the Bijapur army. Alarmed by Shivaji’s rising strength, the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb ordered Shayista Khan, the Mughal governor of the Deccan, to march against him. Shivaji countered by carrying out a daring midnight raid right within the camp of Shayista Khan in which the governor lost the fingers of one hand and his son was killed. Discomfited by this reverse, Shayista Khan withdrew his force. Shivaji, as if to provoke the Mughals further, attacked the rich coastal town of Surat and took an immense booty.

 

Aurangzeb could hardly ignore so blatant a challenge and sent out his most prominent general Mirza Raja Jai Singh at the head of an army said to number some 100,000 men. Jai Singh did not underestimate the Marathas. He made careful diplomatic and military preparations. Marching to Poona, he decided to strike at the heart of Shivaji’s territories, the fort Purandar where Shivaji had lodged his family and his treasures. In 1665, he besieged Purandar, beating off all Maratha attempts to relieve it. With the fall of the fort and finding that no relief was likely to come from any quarter, Shivaji opened negotiations with Jai Singh for peace. After hard bargaining, they concluded the treaty of Purandar by which Shivaji surrendered 23 forts to the Mughals, retaining 12 on condition of service and loyalty to the Mughal emperor. Shivaji’s son Shambhuji was appointed a Mansabdar of 5000 at the Mughal court and was granted a jagir. Shivaji was excused from personal service, but he promised to join any Mughal campaign in the Deccan in future. Shivaji was allowed to occupy the Bijapuri territory of Balaghat which was in advance granted to him. Jai Singh thus cleverly created a gulf between Shivaji and the Bijapuri ruler. It is believed that he aimed at conquering the whole of Deccan in alliance with Shivaji.

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